Fig. 4

Kaplan–Meier curves for cumulative episode death for pneumococcal hospitalizations in baseline(2015–2019), pandemic(2020–2022), and post-pandemic(2023–2024) periods. The log-rank test comparing baseline versus pandemic and baseline versus post-pandemic periods resulted in p-values of < 0.001 and 0.056, respectively. Colour bands show 95% confidence intervals