Fig. 3

Pneumococcal hospitalization and coinfection with influenza and COVID-19, January 2015- August 2024. A monthly pneumococcal hospitalization and percentages with influenza and COVID-19 coinfection, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient of influenza activity with monthly pneumococcal hospitalization = 0.755, P < 0.001, COVID-19 activity with monthly pneumococcal hospitalization = 0.755, P < 0.001 (B) percentages of influenza coinfection and indicator of influenza activity, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient = 0.876, P < 0.001 (C) percentages of COVID-19 coinfection and indicator of COVID-19 activity, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient = 0.847, P < 0.001