Table 2 Pooled S. pneumoniae detection rates overall and in subgroups by study characteristics
Population | Data (n) | Total (n) | Positive (n) | Proportion (95% CI)(%) | I² (%) | P for interaction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Continent | 65 | 91,189 | 13,703 | 14.8 (12.3, 17.8) | 98.3 | 0.060 |
 Asia | 36 | 25,635 | 3,333 | 12.5 (9.6, 16.1) | 95.4 |  |
 Europe | 21 | 25,508 | 5,505 | 20.0 (14.7, 26.7) | 98.8 |  |
 North America | 78 | 40,046 | 4,865 | 13.7 (10.6, 17.5) | 88.0 |  |
Country | 65 | 91,189 | 13,703 | 14.8 (12.3, 17.8) | 98.3 | < 0.001 |
 America | 4 | 12,656 | 1,570 | 16.1 (8.7, 27.9) | 90.1 |  |
 Canada | 4 | 27,390 | 3,295 | 12.3 (11.1, 13.6) | 88.8 |  |
 China | 2 | 1,009 | 70 | 7.2 (5.2, 9.9) | 40.8 |  |
 England | 7 | 7,879 | 1,872 | 26.2 (13.0, 45.7) | 99.4 |  |
 Iceland | 2 | 665 | 106 | 15.8 (11.9, 20.8) | 59.4 |  |
 Israel | 2 | 996 | 65 | 5.9 (2.1, 15.6) | 93.1 |  |
 Japan | 13 | 8,648 | 1,380 | 18.0 (10.5, 28.9) | 96.0 |  |
 Korea | 9 | 12,217 | 1,441 | 11.6 (9.5, 14.0) | 91.1 |  |
 Malaysia | 1 | 89 | 7 | 7.9 (3.8, 15.6) | - |  |
 Netherlands | 1 | 505 | 124 | 24.6 (21.0, 28.5) | - |  |
 Norway | 2 | 529 | 45 | 8.5 (6.4, 11.2) | 0 |  |
 Pakistan | 2 | 698 | 103 | 10.8 (3.4, 29.5) | 93.2 |  |
 Poland | 1 | 51 | 2 | 3.9 (1.0, 14.4) | - |  |
 Portugal | 1 | 1,635 | 192 | 11.7 (10.3, 13.4) | - |  |
 Singapore | 3 | 300 | 54 | 15.3 (5.1, 38.0) | 90.2 |  |
 Spain | 6 | 13,762 | 3,099 | 25.4 (19.1, 33.0) | 97.9 |  |
 Thailand | 1 | 490 | 15 | 3.1 (1.9, 5.0) | - |  |
 Turkey | 3 | 1,218 | 198 | 10.5 (3.4, 28.0) | 93.2 |  |
 Greece | 1 | 482 | 65 | 13.5 (10.7, 16.8) | - |  |
Developmental stage | 65 | 91,189 | 13,703 | 14.8 (12.3, 17.8) | 98.3 | 0.010 |
 Developing country | 9 | 3,504 | 393 | 8.5 (5.3, 13.4) | 94.2 |  |
 Developed country | 56 | 87,685 | 13,310 | 16.1 (13.3, 19.4) | 98.5 |  |
Study design | 65 | 91,189 | 13,703 | 14.8 (12.3, 17.8) | 98.3 | 0.051 |
 Cohort study | 39 | 46,250 | 7,898 | 16.9 (13.2, 21.5) | 98.6 |  |
 Cross-sectional study | 22 | 15,235 | 2,258 | 12.1(8.9, 16.3) | 94.1 |  |
 Surveillance | 4 | 29,704 | 3,547 | 11.8 (10.0, 13.8) | 92.6 |  |
Clinical setting | 65 | 91,189 | 13,703 | 14.8 (12.3, 17.8) | 98.3 | 0.099 |
 Outpatient or emergency | 6 | 7,449 | 790 | 8.9 (5.4, 14.6) | 97.7 |  |
 Inpatient | 53 | 82,769 | 12,694 | 15.8 (13.0, 19.2) | 98.5 |  |
 ICU | 6 | 971 | 219 | 12.9 (5.5, 27.3) | 93.2 |  |
Laboratory diagnosis | 65 | 91,189 | 13,703 | 14.8 (12.3, 17.8) | 98.3 | 0.031 |
 Culture | 18 | 11,986 | 1,317 | 9.2 (5.8, 14.2) | 97.1 |  |
 UAT | 8 | 8,171 | 1,232 | 12.8 (9.6, 17.0) | 95.4 |  |
 Culture and UAT | 10 | 37,495 | 5,904 | 17.0 (13.2, 21.6) | 99.0 |  |
 PCR | 3 | 1,581 | 232 | 21.1 (5.2, 56.4) | 98.2 |  |
 Mixed | 26 | 31,956 | 5,018 | 19.2 (14.8, 24.5) | 98.8 |  |