Table 1 Basic characteristics of studies included in the review and meta-analysis
First Author (Year) | Study Duration | Region | Average Age (y) | Male (%) | Vaccinated (%) | Source | Setting | Samples | Methods |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cillóniz, C. (2013) [15] | 1996.11–2008.7 | Spain, Europe | 78.0 | 802 (37.3) | 310 (14.4) | inpatient | general hospital | BL | culture |
Terraneo, S. (2014) [16] | 2000.1–2011.12 | Spain, Europe | 64.0 | 2,529 (62.0) | 459 (16.0) | inpatient | general hospital | SP, UR, BAL | culture, UAT |
Ishiguro, T. (2013) [17] | 2002.1–2011.11 | Japan, Asia | 63.9 | 683 (66.2) | NS (< 50) | inpatient | general hospital | SP, TS, BAL, BL, PF, UR | culture, UAT |
Khawaja, A. (2013) [18] | 2002.3–2008.12 | Pakistan, Asia | 68.0 | 110 (58.0) | NS (< 50) | inpatient | general hospital | SP, TS, BAL, BL | culture |
Spoorenberg, S. M. (2014) [19] | 2004.10–2006.8 2007.11–2010.9 | Netherlands, Europe | 63.4 | 295 (58.4) | NS (< 50) | inpatient | general hospital | SP, BL, UR, SR | culture, UAT, ABT |
Molinos, L. (2015) [20] | 2005.11–2007.11 | Spain, Europe | 66.0 | 2,859 (65.4) | NS | emergency, inpatient | general hospital | UR, SP, BAL, PF | culture, UAT |
Herrera-Lara, S. (2013) [21] | 2006.1–2009.12 | Spain, Europe | 63.9 | 157 (64.6) | NS (< 50) | respiratory unit | general hospital | UR, SP, BL, PF | culture, UAT |
Kumagai, S. (2016) [22] | 2007.4–2014.7 | Japan, Asia | 76.0 | 1,073 (69.5) | NS (< 50) | inpatient | general hospital | UR | UAT |
Yoo, K. H. (2013) [23] | 2008.1–2010.12 | Korea, Asia | 70.1 | 397 (57.3) | 9 (1.3) | respiratory unit | general, referral hospital | SP, UR, PF | culture, ABT |
Holter, J. C. (2015) [24] | 2008.1–2011.1 | Norway, Europe | 66.0 | 140 (52.0) | 25 (13.0) | inpatient | general hospital | BL, UR | culture, UAT |
Kim, B. (2018) [25] | 2008.4–2017.3 | Korea, Asia | 65.3 | 1,417 (62.2) | NS | emergency | general hospital | UR | UAT |
Daniel, P. (2017) [26] | 2008.9–2013.9 | England, Europe | 71.0 | 1,223 (55.1) | NS (> 50) | emergency | general hospital | BL, UR | culture, UAT |
Bjarnason, A. (2018) [27] | 2008.12–2009.11 | Iceland, Europe | 62.8 | 154 (49.7) | 43 (13.8) | inpatient | general hospital | SP, BL, UR | culture, UAT |
Çilli, A. (2018) [28] | 2009.1–2013.9 | Turkey, Asia | 64.3 | 417 (67.1) | 60 (10.3) | non-ICU | community hospital and general hospital | SP, BL | culture |
Siow, W. T. (2016) [29] | 2009.11–2011.9 | Singapore, Asia | 61.7 | 58 (58.0) | NS | ICU | general hospital | SP, BL, UR, TS | culture, UAT |
Gross, A. E. (2014) [30] | 2010.1–2011.12 | America, North America | 65.0 | 233 (44.5) | NS (< 50) | inpatient | general hospital | BL, SP, UR, BAL | culture, UAT |
Shindo, Y. (2013) [31] | 2010.3-2010.12 | Japan, Asia | 75.0 | 580 (65.4) | NS | inpatient | community hospital and general hospital | SP, TS, BAL, PF, BL | culture |
LeBlanc, J. J. (2017) [32] | 2010.12–2013.12 | Canada, North America | 68.7 | 2,553 (53.5) | 2,543 (53.3) | internal medicine and ICU | community and nursing hospital | BL, TS, Sterile sites, UR | culture, UAT |
LeBlanc, J. (2020) [33] | 2010–2015 | Canada, North America | 73.3 | 3,084 (53.9) | NS (> 50) | internal medicine and ICU | community and nursing hospital | BL, UR | culture, UAT |
LeBlanc, J. J. (2022) [34] | 2010–2017 | Canada, North America | 72.0 | 5,846 (52.5) | 6,970 (62.6) | inpatient | general hospital | SP, BL, UR | culture, UAT |
Parrott, G. (2017) [35] | 2011.1–2013.12 | Japan, Asia | 65.0 | 59 (60.8) | NS | inpatient | general hospital | SP, BL, UR | culture, UAT, SR |
Heo, J. Y. (2018) [36] | 2011.1–2014.12 | Korea, Asia | 64.0 | NS | NS | inpatient, outpatient | general hospital | BL, UR, TS, BAL, SP | culture, UAT |
Iqbal, N. (2020) [37] | 2011.1–2016.12 | Pakistan, Asia | 63.6 | 266 (52.6) | NS | inpatient | general hospital | SP, BL, PF, BAL | culture |
Valles, J. (2014) [38] | 2011.4–2012.3 | Spain, Europe | 60.0 | 296 (65.9) | NS (< 50) | ICU | general hospital | BL, PF, SP, BAL | culture |
Fukuyama, H. (2013) [39] | 2011.8–2012.7 | Japan, Asia | 67.9 | 78 (68.4) | NS (> 50) | inpatient | general hospital | SP, BAL, BL, PF, UR | culture, UAT |
Morimoto, K. (2015) [40] | 2011.9–2013.1 | Japan, Asia | 77.0 | 1,040 (59) | 356 (35.0) | inpatient, outpatient | community hospital | BL, SP, UR | culture, UAT, PCR |
Torres, A. (2021) [41] | 2011.11–2018.11 | Spain, Europe | 66.83 | 1,911 (61.5) | 441 (14.2) | inpatient | general hospital | BL, PF, SP, UR | culture, UAT |
Mohamed Faisal, A. H. (2017) [42] | 2011.12–2012.6 | Malaysia, Asia | 67.0 | 58 (56.9) | NS | internal medicine and ICU | general hospital | UR, BL, SP, TS, PF, BAL | culture, UAT |
Wu F. (2023) [43] | 2012.3–2018.12 | China, Asia | 64.0 | 524 (66.2) | NS | inpatient | general hospital | BAL, TS, SP | PCR |
Yoshii, Y. (2016) [44] | 2012.12–2014.5 | Japan, Asia | 63.3 | 59 (64.1) | 24 (26.1) | inpatient | general hospital | SP, UR, BL | culture, PCR, UAT |
Mitsui, M. (2021) [45] | 2013–2017 | Japan, Asia | 76.0 | 281 (69.7) | NS | inpatient | general hospital | SP, BL, UR, PF | culture, UAT |
2018.7-2018.11 | 77.0 | 56 (70.9) | |||||||
Costa, M. I. (2022) [46] | 2013.1–2015.12 | Portugal, Europe | 71.7 | 1,058 (55.7) | NS | inpatient | general hospital | BL, SP, UR, PF | culture, UAT |
Pick, H. (2020) [47] | 2013.9–2018.8 | England, Europe | 71.3 | 1,515 (51.7) | NS (> 50) | emergency | general hospital | UR, BL | culture, UAT |
Isturiz, R. (2021) [48] | 2013.10–2016.9 | America, North America | 64.1 | 5,967 (49.5) | NS | inpatient | nursing hospital | BL, SP, BAL, PF, TS, UR | culture, UAT |
LeBlanc, J. J. (2019) [49] | 2014.1–2015.12 | Canada, North America | 67.8 | 3,597 (53.8) | NS (> 50) | internal medicine and ICU | community and nursing hospital | BL, SP, UR | culture, UAT |
Regev-Yochay, G. (2018) [50] | 2014.3–2015.7 | Israel, Asia | 72.6 | 310 (62.2) | 249 (50.0) | inpatient | general hospital | BL, PF, BAL, TS, UR | culture, UAT |
Lim, Y. K. (2019) [51] | 2015.1–2015.12 | Korea, Asia | 72.0 | 121 (51.5) | NS (> 50) | inpatient | referral hospital | UR, BL, PF, BAL, TS, SP | culture, UAT, BacT/Alert 3D blood culture, PCR |
Osman, M. (2021) [52] | 2015.1–2019.12 | Thailand, Asia | 80.0 | 251 (51.2) | NS (< 50) | inpatient | general hospital | SP, PF, TS, BL | culture, PCR |
Kara, S. (2019) [53] | 2015.6–2016.12 | Turkey, Asia | 60.0 | 87 (65.4) | 7 (5.3) | ICU | general hospital | BL, SP, TS, BAL | culture |
Heo, J. Y. (2020) [54] | 2015.9–2017.8 | Korea, Asia | 64.2 | 1,500 (56.2) | NS (> 50) | inpatient | hospital and Korean Statistical Information Service database | BL, SP, UR | culture, UAT |
Şenol, E. (2021) [55] | 2016.11–2017.1 | Turkey, Asia | 69.0 | 286 (61.5) | 15 (3.3) | outpatient, emergency | general hospital | BL, SP, UR | culture, UAT |
Lin, W. H. (2022) [56] | 2016.11–2018.12 | China, Asia | 67.8 | 147 (69.3) | NS | outpatient, emergency | general hospital | BL, SP, PF, BAL, TS | culture |
Gilbert, D. N. (2021) [57] | 2017.1–2018.3 | America, North America | 66.3 | 148 (54.0) | NS | inpatient | community hospital | SP, TS, BL | culture, UAT |
Liapikou, A. (2022) [58] | 2017.11–2019.4 | Greece, Europe | 70.6 | 272 (56.4) | NS | inpatient | community hospital and general hospital | BL, TS, PF, UR | culture, UAT |
Rögnvaldsson, K. G. (2023) [59] | 2018.5–2019.4 | Iceland, Europe | 75.0 | 209 (41.1) | NS | inpatient | general hospital | BL, SP, UR | culture, UAT |
Hyun, H. (2022) [60] | 2018.7–2019.6 | Korea, Asia | 70.0 | 360 (64.6) | NS (> 50) | inpatient | referral hospital | SP, BL, UR | culture, UAT |
Kawecki, D. (2022) [61] | 2019.1–2020.10 | Poland, Europe | 70.9 | 252 (63.3) | NS (> 50) | emergency | general hospital | SP, BL, UR | culture, UAT |