Table 1 Basic characteristics of the included studies
Study | Study Design | Country | Study population | Sample size | Age | Male (%) | All-cause mortality with vaccination | Pneumonia related mortality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alfageme 2006 [18] | RCT | Spain | Patients with COPD | 596 | 65.8 | 96.6 | NA | NA |
Chan 2012 [6] | Prospective cohort study | China | Nursing home older adults | 532 | 85.7 | 39.8 | HR = 0.54 (95% CI: 0.35 to 0.84) | HR = 0.60 (95% CI: 0.35 to 0.99) |
Córcoles AV 2006 [40] | Prospective cohort study | Spain | Community-dwelling individuals aged ≥ 65 years | 11,241 | ≥ 65 | 43 | HR = 0.97 (95% CI: 0.86–1.09) | HR = 0.41 (95%: 0.23 to 0.72) |
Corcoles AV 2014 [41] | Population-based cohort study | Spain | Individuals aged ≥ 65 years | 27,204 | 71.7 | 44.6 | HR = 0.97 (95% CI: 0.89 to 1.05) | NA |
French 2000 [33] | RCT | Uganda | HIV-1-infected adults | 1392 | 31 | 29 | HR = 1.08 (95% CI: 0.87 to 1.33) | NA |
Gondar 2014 [20] | Population-based cohort study | Spain | Individuals aged ≥ 65 years | 27,204 | 71.7 | 44.6 | HR = 0.97 (95% CI: 0.89 to 1.05) | NA |
Hsieh 2013 [7] | Case control study | Taiwan | Elderly aged 75 years and older | 1,063,116 | ≥ 75 | NA | NA | OR = 0.06 |
Hsieh 2016 [19] | Case-control study | Taiwan | Patients with chronic renal failure | 545 | > 50 | NA | OR = 0.691 (95% CI: 0.460 to 1.039) | NA |
Hung CC 2004 [8] | Prospective cohort study | Taiwan | HIV-1-infected patients | 508 | 37 | 8.8 | HR = 0.733 (95% CI: 0.236 to 2.274) | NA |
Hyun 2023 [34] | Prospective cohort study | South Korea | Patients aged ≥ 19 years with CAP | 5009 | 70.3 | 63.1 | OR = 0.507 (95% CI: 0.267 to 0.961) | NA |
Ihara 2019 [35] | Case-control study | Japan | Dialysis patients | 510 | 64 | 59.2 | HR = 0.62 (95% CI: 0.46 to 0.83) | HR = 0.91 (95% CI: 0.29 to 2.83) |
Inoue S 2011 [9] | Prospective cohort study | Japan | Patients of chronic pulmonary diseases ≥ 60 years of age | 1378 | 73 | 58.4 | HR = 0.795 (95% CI: 0.499 to 1.264) | NA |
Johnstone J 2010 [36] | Case-control study | Canada | Adults with CAP | 2950 | 68 | 52 | HR = 0.92 (95% CI: 0.79 to 1.06) | NA |
Kolditz 2018 [10] | Retrospective cohort study | Germany | Individuals aged ≥ 65 years | 738,927 | 76 | 38 | Age 60 to 79 years: RR = 0.82 (95% CI: 0.73 to 0.91), Age ≥ 80 years: RR = 1.00 (95% CI: 0.94 to 1.07) | NA |
Maruyama T 2010 [11] | RCT | Japan | Nursing home residents | 1006 | 84.7 | 22.1 | NA | NA |
Ochoa-Gondar 2008 [12] | Prospective cohort study | Spain | Older adults with chronic respiratory diseases | 1298 | ≥ 75 | 73 | HR = 1.20 (95% CI: 0.91 to 1.59) | HR = 0.87 (95% CI: 0.33 to 2.28) |
Ortqvist 1998 [37] | RCT | Sweden | Non-immunocompromised middle-aged and elderly people | 691 | 69·4 | 50 | RR = 0.95 (95% CI: 0.53 to 1.59) | NA |
Pierre E 2023 [38] | Case-control study | France | Dialysis patients | 1849 | 68.5 | 64.7 | HRÂ =Â 0.96 (95% CI: 0.78 to 1.19) | NA |
Tsai YH 2015 [39] | Case-control study | Taiwan | Individuals aged ≥ 75 years | 1,078,955 | 81.67 | 52.16 | OR = 0.07 (95% CI: 0.069 to 0.072) | OR = 0.07 (95% CI: 0.059 to 0.082) |