Table 3 Main characteristics of our cohort, overall and by phenotype – Descriptive statistics of those 18 variables selected for having a large effect size across the k=3 phenotypes

Age \(\left[ years\right]\)

Median

65

57\(^{\mathbb{B}\mathbbm{c}}\)

75\(^{\mathbb{A}\mathbbm{c}}\)

71\(^{\mathbb{a}\mathbbm{b}}\)

K-W

\(\eta _{H}^{2}\)

IQR

[53, 77]

[46, 66]

[66, 83]

[59, 82]

Num. valid

1548 (100%)

788 (100%)

620 (100%)

140 (100%)

<0.001

0.284

Large

Comorbidity: Charlson index

Median

3

1\(^{\mathbb{B}\mathbbm{c}}\)

5\(^{\mathbb{A}\mathbbm{c}}\)

4\(^{\mathbbm{a}\mathbbm{b}}\)

K-W

\(\eta _{H}^{2}\)

IQR

[1, 5]

[0, 3]

[3, 7]

[2, 6]

Num. valid

1548 (100%)

788 (100%)

620 (100%)

140 (100%)

<0.001

0.351

Large

Pneumonia: PSI score

Median

70

55\(^{\mathbb{B}\mathbbm{c}}\)

91\(^{\mathbb{A}}\)

95\(^{\mathbbm{a}}\)

K-W

\(\eta _{H}^{2}\)

IQR

[53, 92]

[45, 68]

[76, 114]

[76, 114]

Num. valid

1287 (83.1%)

705 (89.5%)

479 (77.3%)

103 (73.6%)

<0.001

0.433

Large

Pneumonia: CURB-65 score

0

539 (34.8%)

468 (59.4%)\(^{\mathbb{B}\mathbb{C}}\)

49 (7.9%)\(^{\mathbb{A}\mathbbm{c}}\)

22 (15.7%)\(^{\mathbb{A}\mathbbm{b}}\)

\(\chi ^{2}\)

V

1

516 (33.3%)

257 (32.6%)

218 (35.2%)

41 (29.3%)

2

361 (23.3%)

50 (6.3%)

261 (42.1%)

50 (35.7%)

3

89 (5.7%)

4 (0.5%)

66 (10.6%)

19 (13.6%)

4

20 (1.3%)

0

12 (1.9%)

8 (5.7%)

NA

23 (1.5%)

9 (1.1%)

14 (2.3%)

0

<0.001

0.439

Large

Admission status: Respiratory rate \(\left[ min^{-1}\right]\)

Median

18

18\(^{\mathbbm{b}\mathbbm{c}}\)

20\(^{\mathbbm{a}\mathbbm{c}}\)

30\(^{\mathbbm{a}\mathbbm{b}}\)

K-W

\(\eta _{H}^{2}\)

IQR

[16, 24]

[16, 20]

[17, 25]

[23, 32]

Num. valid

1021 (66.0%)

577 (73.2%)

364 (58.7%)

80 (57.1%)

<0.001

0.149

Large

Admission status: \(FiO_{2}\) \(\left[ fraction\right]\)

Median

0.21

0.21\(^{\mathbbm{b}\mathbb{C}}\)

0.21\(^{\mathbbm{a}\mathbb{C}}\)

0.38\(^{\mathbb{A}\mathbb{B}}\)

K-W

\(\eta _{H}^{2}\)

IQR

[0.21, 0.21]

[0.21, 0.21]

[0.21, 0.21]

[0.21, 0.83]

Num. valid

1526 (98.6%)

782 (99.2%)

608 (98.0%)

136 (97.1%)

<0.001

0.420

Large

Admission status: \(SpO_{2}/FiO_{2}\) \(\left[ ratio\right]\)

Median

452.38

457.14\(^{\mathbbm{b}\mathbb{C}}\)

447.62\(^{\mathbbm{a}\mathbbm{c}}\)

238.10\(^{\mathbb{A}\mathbbm{b}}\)

K-W

\(\eta _{H}^{2}\)

IQR

[433.33, 461.90]

[447.62, 461.90]

[423.81, 457.14]

[105.63, 317.86]

Num. valid

1520 (98.2%)

781 (99.1%)

604 (97.4%)

135 (96.4%)

<0.001

0.300

Large

Admission status: \(SpO_{2}/RespRate\) \(\left[ \%/min^{-1}\right]\)

Median

5.17

5.44\(^{\mathbbm{b}\mathbbm{c}}\)

4.70\(^{\mathbbm{a}\mathbbm{c}}\)

2.97\(^{\mathbbm{a}\mathbbm{b}}\)

K-W

\(\eta _{H}^{2}\)

IQR

[4.00, 5.94]

[4.75, 6.00]

[3.65, 5.56]

[2.29, 3.92]

Num. valid

1017 (65.7%)

577 (73.2%)

363 (58.5%)

77 (55.0%)

<0.001

0.178

Large

Blood test: Urea \(\left[ mg/dL\right]\)

Median

34

28\(^{\mathbb{B}\mathbbm{c}}\)

48\(^\mathbb {A}\)

48\(^{\mathbbm{a}}\)

K-W

\(\eta _{H}^{2}\)

IQR

[26, 47]

[22, 33]

[38, 64]

[35, 78]

Num. valid

1107 (71.5%)

606 (76.9%)

418 (67.4%)

83 (59.3%)

<0.001

0.411

Large

Blood test: Creatinine \(\left[ mg/dL\right]\)

Median

0.92

0.82\(^{\mathbbm{b}\mathbbm{c}}\)

1.09\(^{\mathbbm{a}}\)

1.04\(^{\mathbbm{a}}\)

K-W

\(\eta _{H}^{2}\)

IQR

[0.75, 1.13]

[0.69, 0.96]

[0.88, 1.50]

[0.84, 1.44]

Num. valid

1476 (95.3%)

763 (96.8%)

585 (94.4%)

128 (91.4%)

<0.001

0.213

Large

Blood test: Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) \(\left[ mg/dL\right]\)

Median

17.0

15.0\(^{\mathbb{B}\mathbbm{c}}\)

20.3\(^{\mathbb{A}}\)

20.0\(^{\mathbbm{a}}\)

K-W

\(\eta _{H}^{2}\)

IQR

[13.0, 23.0]

[12.0, 20.0]

[15.0, 27.0]

[15.0, 28.5]

Num. valid

736 (47.5%)

382 (48.5%)

297 (47.9%)

57 (40.7%)

<0.001

0.390

Large

Blood test: C-reactive protein (CRP) \(\left[ mg/L\right]\)

Median

72.13

49.51\(^{\mathbbm{b}\mathbbm{c}}\)

101.63\(^{\mathbbm{a}\mathbbm{c}}\)

152.60\(^{\mathbbm{a}\mathbbm{b}}\)

K-W

\(\eta _{H}^{2}\)

IQR

[32.30, 134.04]

[22.99, 91.90]

[50.09, 162.21]

[96.82, 256.47]

Num. valid

1473 (95.2%)

759 (96.3%)

586 (94.5%)

128 (91.4%)

<0.001

0.167

Large

Blood test: Procalcitonin (PCT) \(\left[ \mu g/L\right]\)

Median

0.11

0.07\(^{\mathbb{B}\mathbbm{c}}\)

0.18\(^{\mathbb{A}}\)

0.25\(^{\mathbbm{a}}\)

K-W

\(\eta _{H}^{2}\)

IQR

[0.06, 0.22]

[0.04, 0.12]

[0.10, 0.44]

[0.12, 0.81]

Num. valid

1089 (70.3%)

549 (69.7%)

440 (71.0%)

100 (71.4%)

<0.001

0.285

Large

Blood test: Neutrophils vs. lympho \(\left[ ratio\right]\)

Median

4.98

3.83\(^{\mathbbm{b}\mathbbm{c}}\)

7.13\(^{\mathbbm{a}}\)

9.68\(^{\mathbbm{a}}\)

K-W

\(\eta _{H}^{2}\)

IQR

[3.33, 8.61]

[2.72, 5.37]

[4.43, 11.75]

[5.57, 14.85]

Num. valid

1529 (98.8%)

781 (99.1%)

610 (98.4%)

138 (98.6%)

<0.001

0.218

Large

Blood test: D-dimer \(\left[ ng/mL\right]\)

Median

751

540\(^{\mathbbm{b}\mathbbm{c}}\)

1079\(^{\mathbbm{a}}\)

1286\(^{\mathbbm{a}}\)

K-W

\(\eta _{H}^{2}\)

IQR

[430, 1340]

[350, 865]

[636, 2100]

[819, 2406]

Num. valid

1268 (81.9%)

679 (86.2%)

482 (77.7%)

107 (76.4%)

<0.001

0.185

Large

Blood test: Prothrombin index \(\left[ \%\right]\)

Median

93

99\(^{\mathbbm{b}\mathbbm{c}}\)

84\(^{\mathbbm{a}}\)

91\(^{\mathbbm{a}}\)

K-W

\(\eta _{H}^{2}\)

IQR

[81, 100]

[89, 100]

[62, 96]

[81, 100]

Num. valid

662 (42.8%)

346 (43.9%)

264 (42.6%)

52 (37.1%)

<0.001

0.171

Large

Arterial blood gas test: \(FiO_{2}\) \(\left[ fraction\right]\)

Median

0.21

0.21\(^{\mathbbm{b}\mathbb{C}}\)

0.21\(^{\mathbbm{a}\mathbb{C}}\)

0.21\(^{\mathbb{A}\mathbb{B}}\)

K-W

\(\eta _{H}^{2}\)

IQR

[0.21, 0.21]

[0.21, 0.21]

[0.21, 0.21]

[0.21, 0.80]

Num. valid

946 (61.1%)

474 (60.2%)

381 (61.5%)

91 (65.0%)

<0.001

0.199

Large

Arterial blood gas test: \(SatO_{2}/FiO_{2}\) \(\left[ ratio\right]\)

Median

452.38

457.14\(^{\mathbbm{b}\mathbb{C}}\)

442.86\(^{\mathbbm{a}\mathbbm{c}}\)

270.00\(^{\mathbb{A}\mathbbm{b}}\)

K-W

\(\eta _{H}^{2}\)

IQR

[420.24, 461.90]

[447.62, 461.90]

[400.00, 457.14]

[124.64, 395.68]

Num. valid

730 (47.2%)

374 (47.5%)

294 (47.4%)

62 (44.3%)

<0.001

0.220

Large