Table 4 Factors that affected 90-days survival

Gender

female

24/81 (29.6%)

33/92 (35.9%)

0.38

male

57/81 (70.4%)

59/92 (64.1%)

Comorbidities

cardiovascular¹

62/81 (76.5%)

64/92 (69.6%)

0.30

metabolic²

38/81 (46.9%)

40/92 (43.5%)

0.65

respiratory³

14/81 (17.3%)

12/92 (13.0%)

0.44

chronic kidney disease

7/81 (8.6%)

1/92 (1.1%)

0.026

immunosuppression

4/81 (4.9%)

1/92 (1.1%)

0.19

malignancy

12/81 (14.8%)

3/92 (3.3%)

0.007

smoking

21/81 (25.9%)

26/92 (28.3%)

0.73

obesity

22/81 (27.2%)

20/92 (21.7%)

0.41

Age (years)

69.52 ± 8.37

61.78 ± 10.25

< 0.001

Charlson comorbidity index

4.16 ± 2.17

2.47 ± 1.39

< 0.001

APACHE II score

19.12 ± 6.90

14.00 ± 4.79

< 0.001

Baseline SOFA score

6.78 ± 2.12

4.96 ± 2.01

< 0.001

Baseline hemoglobin (g/dl)

12.02 ± 1.89

11.85 ± 1.82

0.55

Baseline CRP (mg/dl)

13.29 ± 10.74

13.32 ± 12.40

0.99

Baseline PCT (ng/ml)

1.10 ± 2.72

0.23 ± 0.34

0.006

Baseline lung static compliance (ml/cmH₂O)

35.70 ± 15.67

47.72 ± 51.08

0.05

Baseline lung resistance (cmH₂O/L/s)

15.32 ± 5.36

15.67 ± 5.08

0.75

Baseline oxygenation index

7.56 ± 3.22

6.34 ± 3.59

0.025

Baseline ventilation equilibrium (ml/mmHg)

221.30 ± 57.54

217.67 ± 55.44

0.68

Auscultatory sound: normal (%)

15.60 ± 13.65

16.20 ± 13.79

0.78

Auscultatory sound: wheezing (%)

1.86 ± 4.13

1.39 ± 5.32

0.52

Auscultatory sound: rhonchi (%)

14.81 ± 14.41

15.04 ± 16.96

0.93

Auscultatory sound: velcro (%)

4.49 ± 7.46

3.08 ± 7.30

0.21

Auscultatory sound: crackles (%)

12.03 ± 10.60

10.75 ± 13.40

0.49

Auscultatory sound: squawks (%)

12.49 ± 18.65

5.63 ± 15.34

0.010

Auscultatory sound: tubular (%)

13.36 ± 14.71

10.21 ± 13.99

0.15

Auscultatory sound: diminished (%)

18.74 ± 17.74

23.19 ± 18.30

0.11

Auscultatory sound: absence (%)

6.65 ± 13.04

14.76 ± 18.87

0.001

minimum crackle entropy

0.35 ± 0.12

0.31 ± 0.14

0.06

minimum crackle harmonic ratio

0.13 ± 0.07

0.12 ± 0.09

0.24

minimum spectral entropy

0.74 ± 0.08

0.73 ± 0.14

0.46

minimum spectral brightness 800 ratio

0.20 ± 0.05

0.20 ± 0.05

0.59

median crackle duration (s)

0.03 ± 0.00

0.03 ± 0.01

0.76

median crackle zero-crossing rate

450.42 ± 111.81

442.87 ± 138.28

0.70

median crackle entropy

0.57 ± 0.05

0.54 ± 0.10

0.046

median crackle harmonic ratio

0.36 ± 0.07

0.36 ± 0.10

0.92

median squawk zero-crossing rate

372.17 ± 119.65

321.10 ± 118.11

0.005

median spectral entropy

0.81 ± 0.03

0.78 ± 0.13

0.09

median spectral irregularity

0.24 ± 0.06

0.24 ± 0.06

0.35

maximum crackle centroid (Hz)

754.39 ± 158.10

774.44 ± 198.26

0.47

maximum crackle harmonic ratio

0.62 ± 0.11

0.65 ± 0.14

0.15

mean crackle frequency range (Hz)

149.67 ± 60.43

165.13 ± 68.83

0.12

mean crackle entropy

0.56 ± 0.04

0.54 ± 0.10

0.038

mean crackle harmonic ratio

0.36 ± 0.06

0.37 ± 0.09

0.70

standard deviation spectral entropy

0.04 ± 0.03

0.03 ± 0.03

0.19